International Journal of Plant Protection

S. D. Patil ¹, J. R. Kadam ², A. G. Chandele ², S. S. Wagh ², R. S. Jadhav ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nasik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Entomology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M. S.), IN

Abstract

The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinikoff) Sorokin was mass produced in different liquid media. The nine media of various nutrient sources were evaluated to find out the most suitable medium for growth, biomass and viability of M.anisopliae. Sabouraud's dextrose broth with yeast extract proved to be the superior which gave significantly highest cfu (12.33x108/ml) and biomass (7.20g). The next best medium was Sabouraud's maltose broth with yeast extract and potato dextrose broth with yeast extract which registering cfu count of (10.33 × 108 and 10.67 × 108cfu/ml) and biomass (6.27 and 5.73 g), respectively. The lowest (48.33%) medium surface coverage and least biomass (1.57g) and cfu (4.33 × 108/ ml) were registered in medium with malt extract. Thus, considering growth, development and viability of M.anisopliae, Sabouraud's dextrose broth with yeast extract (SDY) emerged as the most potential medium for biomass production.

Keywords

Metarhizium Anisopliae, Yeast Extract, Biomass, Colony Forming Unit

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S. D. Patil ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, NASIK (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson was mass produced in different liquid media. The nine media of various nutrient sources were evaluated to find out most suitable medium for growth, biomass and viability of N.rileyi. Sabouraud's dextrose broth with yeast extract proved to be superior which gave significantly highest cfu (8.33×10⁸/ml) and biomass (6.10g). The next best medium was Sabouraud's maltose broth with yeast extract and potato dextrose broth with yeast extract which registering cfu count of (7.33×10⁸ and 5.67×10⁸cfu/ml) and biomass (5.63 and 4.20g), respectively. The lowest (21.67%) medium surface coverage and least biomass (1.04g) and cfu (2.33×10⁸/ml) were registered in medium with malt extract. Thus, considering growth, development and viability of N.rileyi Sabouraud's dextrose broth with yeast extract (SDY) emerged as the most potential medium for biomass production and sporulation. The growth of N.rileyi increased with increase in concentration of inoculums in Sabouraud's dextrose broth with yeast extract. N.rileyi (2×10⁹) 90.0 per cent produced highest biomass (11.17g). However, it was at par with 30.0 to 80.0 per cent N.rileyi producing the fungal biomass of 10.57 to 11.07g, respectively. The biomass at 10 DAI was lowest 7.63g in concentration of 10.0 per cent. Maximum (21.67×10⁸ cfu/ml) cfu count was registered in 50 per cent concentration of N.rileyi aqua suspension. However, it was at par with that in 40 per cent (20.67×10⁸cfu/ml) and 30 per cent (19.67×10⁸cfu/ml) inoculums of aqua suspension. The increase in concentration of N.rileyi culture from 10 per cent (pH 8.04) to 90 per cent (pH 8.84) there was gradual increase in pH as compared the SDY medium pH (6.46) measured before adding the inoculum. Studies carried out under laboratory condition to know dose mortality response between different instars of S.litura and N.rileyi indicated that fungus performed better at its higher. Concentration (1.8×10⁷cfu/ml) compared to lower concentrations viz., 2.0×10⁶ to 1.6×10⁷cfu/ml. the N.rileyi was found to be highly effective to early instars of S.litura.

Keywords

Nomuraea rileyi, Media, Yeast Extract, Biomass, Colony Forming Unit, Spodoptera litura.

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S. D. Patil ¹, A. P. Padhye ¹

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nasik (M.S), IN

Abstract

The effect of UVC rays on the viability of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinikoff) Sorokin, in the presence of various concentrations of adjuvants comprising glycerol (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0%), tween-80 (0.5 and 1.0%), boric acid (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%), carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5 and 1.0%), indigo (0.5 and 1.0%), turmeric (0.5 and 1.0%), molasses (0.5 and 1.0%), honey (1.0 and 2.0%), milk (1.0 and 2.0%), sunflower oil (0.5 and 1.0%), groundnut oil (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), mustard oil (0.5 and 1.0%), soybean oil (0.5 and 1.0%) and ghee (0.5 and 1.0%) and formulations without adjuvants, when exposed for 10 to 50 minutes, 2, 3 and 5 hours was studied under laboratory conditions. The UVC rays proved detrimental to the fungus and the effect increased with increase in exposure period. After 5 hours exposure to UVC rays, N.r.+SFO 1.0 per cent produced highest (4.97g) biomass when it was in rest of the treatments (2.40 to 4.87g) against 1.80g in control (N.r. alone). The next promising treatments were N.r.+SFO 0.5 per cent (4.87g), N.r.+GNO 1.0 per cent (4.87g) and N.r.+GNO 2.0 per cent (4.77g). The control N.r.alone without UVC exposure produced 7.30g of fungal biomass. Among the various oils sunflower and groundnut oil, among chemical adjuvant glycerol 2.0 per cent, CMC 0.50 per cent, boric acid and among nutrient sources honey, milk act as appreciable UVC protectant.

Keywords

Nomuraea rileyi, Media, Yeast Extract, Ultraviolet Formulations, Biomass.

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S. D. Patil ¹, A. P. Padhye ¹

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, NASIK (M.S), IN

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted by the Agricultural Research Station, Niphad on farmer's field at Songaon, Tal. Niphad Dist. Nasik (M.S.) during Kharif 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2011-12 to assess the performance of IPM module against snails in grape vineyard in comparison to non IPM (farmer's practice). Result revealed that the IPM module comprising of various components viz., Clean cultivation i.e. cleaning and burning of waste pruned material, Removal of weeds from bunds and make it clean, Eliminate, all places where snails can hide, Collection and destruction of snails before sunrise and after sunset in solution of 5% copper sulphate or lime solution, Collection and destruction of eggs laid by snails in field/garden near the ischolar_main zone of the grape vine, Use of different traps as dry grass or waste material of vegetables heap or wetted gunny bags or old PVC pipe of 6 inch length at 20 to 25' distance in field/garden during evening hrs., Use of poison bait of Methomyl 40 SP : Wheat or rice bran or straw 50 kg + 2 per cent jaggery solution +25 g yeast + 50 g Methomyl 40 SP /ha. (Soaking wheat straw in water and 2 per cent jaggery solution and 25g yeast and at the time of application mix 50g methomyl 40SP. Application of this mixture in field/garden at various locations and near the bund by spreading during 15 days interval at 5 time or need based), Application of 5 per cent Metaldehyde @5 kg/ha at two times at 15 to 20 days interval as need based application in field/garden at the time of evening, Application of tobacco dust around the field i.e. 5 feet from bund as 5cm wide band in field/garden and also between two rows @ 50kg/ha at 3 times of 20 days interval afford excellent control of snails with higher yield (18.63 t/ha), monetary benefit (Rs. 327267/ha), net income (Rs. 230257/ha) and B:C ratio (3.36).

Keywords

Achatina fulica, Methomyl, Tobacco Dust, Grape Vine, Wheat Straw, Jiggery, Yeast.

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S. D. Patil ¹, A. P. Padhye ¹, S. Katare ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad (M.S.), IN
2 Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal (Haryana), IN

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2012-13 to 2014-15 at Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Maharashtra, India to determine the efficacy of promising insecticides used for seed treatment for the management of wheat pests. The insecticides were Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00ml/kg seed, Clothianidin 50 WDG @ 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g/kg seed, Imidacloprid 48 FS @ 0.50 and 1.00ml/kg seed, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.50 and 1.00 ml/kg seed. Thiamethoxam 30 FS @1.0 ml/kg seed, Clothianidin 50 WDG @ 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g/kg seed and Imidacloprid 48 FS @ 0.50 and 1.00 ml/kg seed were found the most effective as they didn’t show the aphid population as an untreated control recorded the maximum of 44.08 number of aphids/shoot/plant. The seed treated with thiamethoxam 30FS, clothianidin 50 WDG and Imidacloprid 48FS were found effective for the control of jassids and shoot fly. Thiamethoxam 30FS @ 1.00ml/kg seed recorded significantly highest yield of 55.26q/ha and also the highest (53.45g) 1000 grain weight. Lowest yield was observed from untreated control (34.12 q/ha). The additional yield and income over control was highest (21.14q/ha and Rs. 44480/ha) in thiamethoxam 30FS @ 1.00 ml/kg seed. The monetory returns, net profit and benefit cost ratio were maximum in treatment with thiamethoxam 30FS @ 1.00ml/kg seed (Rs.114607/-, 81377/ha and 3.44).

Keywords

Wheat, Triticum aestivum, Rhopalosiphum padi (L), Thiamethoxam, Clothianidin, Imidacloprid.

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R. S. Jadhav ¹, S. D. Patil ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Malegaon, Nasik (M.S.), IN
2 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on the effect of various adjuvants on growth and development of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was undertaken with a view to select suitable adjuvants for developing aqua suspension formulation. It was revealed that the B. bassiana formulations with combination of adjuvants helped in increasing production of fungal biomass at 10 DAI. Based on the results it is concluded that the overall performance of the adjuvants for growth and development of B. bassiana in series of lab experimentation out of 62 test formulations 8 formulations comprising 1) B.b.+ SFO (1%), 2) B.b.+ GNO (1%), 3) B.b.+GLY (2%) + BA (2%), 4) B.b.+ GLY (2%) + BA (2%) + TW (0.5%) 5) B.b.+ SFO (1%) + CMC (0.5%), 6) B.b.+ GLY (2%) + CMC (0.5%), 7) B.b.+ GLY (2%) + HO (1%), 8) B.b.+ SFO (1%) + HO (1%) were emerged out as most promising and advanced stage formulations of B. bassiana.

Keywords

Beauveria bassiana, Adjuvants, Glycerol, Sunflower Oil, Groundnut Oil, Tween 80, Honey, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Boric Acid.

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S. D. Patil ¹, R. S. Jadhav ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Malegaon, Nasik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on the effect of various adjuvants on growth and development of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson was undertaken with a view to select suitable adjuvant for developing formulation. It was revealed that the N.rileyi formulations with combination of adjuvants helped in increasing production of fungal biomass at 10 DAI. Based on the results it is concluded that the overall performance of the adjuvants for growth and development of N.rileyi in series of lab experimentation out of 96 test formulations. 10 formulation comprising 1) N.r.+HO (1%), 2)N.r+SFO(1%), 3) N.r.+GH(0.5%), 4) N.r.+TW(0.5%)+ GH(0.5%), 5)N.r.+GLY(2%)+SFO(1%), 6)N.r.+ GLY(2%)+GH (0.5%), 7) N.r.+SFO (1%)+GH(0.5%), 8)N.r.+TW(0.5%)+ GLY(2%)+ SFO(1%) + CMC (0.5%), 9) N.r.+ TW(0.5%)+GLY(2%)+HO (1%) and 10) N.r.+TW (0.5%) + GLY (2%) + CMC(0.5%) were emerged out as most promising and advanced stage formulations of N. rileyi.

Keywords

Nomuraea rileyi, Adjuvants, Glycerol, Sunflower Oil, Tween 80, Honey, Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

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S. D. Patil ¹, A. P. Padhye ¹, Subhash Katare ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad (M.S.), IN
2 Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal (Haryana), IN

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop with largest area under cultivation in India and plays a significant role in economic stability of the country. Many insect pests attack wheat in India, severe damage is caused by aphids as serious pest of wheat crop which cause yield losses either directly (35-40%) by sucking the sap of the plants or indirectly (20-80%) by transmitting viral and fungal diseases. They can multiply very rapidly under favourable conditions on leaves, stems and inflorescence. The infestation causes severe distortion of leaves and inflorescence and can significantly decrease the yield through direct feeding. The production of chlorophyll (green colour) is prevented by the attack of aphid resulting in curling of leaves and delayed head emergence causing improper maturity of grains. The aphid incidence level differed in different cultivars of wheat. The resistance of crop is an index of the balance that exists between the preference of the pest for crop and its antibiosis against it. The mechanical barriers possessed by the plants which prevented insects from feeding or ovipositing on them. The infestation significantly affected the ischolar_main dry weight, number and height of tillers and number of spikes per head. Leaf epicutticular wax, ultra structure and leaf trichome were different on susceptible wheat cultivar and resistant cultivar. Leaf trichome density and position may act as a physical obstracle to the Russian wheat aphid feeding. An increased amount of glutamic acid, glutamine, alpha amino butyric acid, phenylalanine and proline and less methionine, produce resistance in wheat plants against aphids. Hydroxamic acids (Hx) have been shown to be a major biochemical mechanism of resistance of wheat to aphids, acting through antibiosis and feeding deterrency.

Keywords

Wheat, Triticum aestivum, Rhopalosiphum padi (L), Hydroxamic Acids, Non Preference, Resistance.

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S. D. Patil ¹, R. S. Jadhav ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nasik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on evaluation of eleven aqua suspension formulations of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium aniosopliae comprising 1) M.a.+ TW(0.5%) + CMC (0.5%) 2) M.a.+SFO(1.0%) + CMC(0.5%),3)M.a.+ SFO(1.0%)+HO(1.0%) 4) M.a.+ GNO(0.5%) + BA (2.0%),5) M.a.+ GNO(0.5%) + CMC(0.5%),6) M.a.+ GNO (0.5 %) + GH (0.5%), 7) M.a.+ GH (0.5%)+HO (1.0%), 8) Control (M.a.alone) were carried out. At 3 DAI, AS formulation with M.a.+GNO(0.5%)+CMC (0.5%) registered significantly highest (88.33%) surface coverage. The next promising formulations were M.a.+ SFO(1.0%) + CMC (0.5%) (78.33%),M.a.+ GNO (0.5%)+GH(0.5%) (56.67%) andM.a. + GH (0.5%) + HO (1.0%) (51.67%). Least (8.33%) growth of the fungus was recorded in M.a.+TW (0.5%)+CMC(0.5%); when, control recorded 30.0 per cent surface coverage. On 10 DAI, the differences (6.67 to 11.43g) for biomass production were significant. M.a. + SFO (1.0%)+CMC (0.5%) maintained its superiority over rest of the formulations by producing 11.43g biomass. However, it was at par with M.a.+SFO(1.0%)+HO(1.0) (11.10g). Maximum cfu count was observed inM.a.+SFO (1.0%)+ HO (1.0%) (2.33x109). However, it was at par withM.a.+SFO (1.0%) + CMC (0.5%) (2.27x109). The least (30.0%, 6.67g and 17.672x108 cfu/ml) surface coverage biomass and cfu count were recorded in control i.e. the formulation (M.a.alone), respectively. In case of bioefficacy of various formulations against larvae of Spodoptera litura, the formulation with M.a.+ SFO (1.0%) + HO(1.0%) registered significantly highest mortality of 80.00 and 73.33 per cent of II and III instar larvae of S.litura.

Keywords

Metarhizium aniosopliae, Media, Yeast Extract, Biomass, Colony Forming Unit, Spodoptera litura.

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R. S. Jadhav ¹, S. D. Patil ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur (M.S.), IN
2 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on laboratory evaluation of nine aqua suspension formulations of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin comprising adjuvants viz. 1) B.b.+GLY+CMC, 2) B.b.+GLY+HO, 3) B.b.+SFO+CMC 4) B.b.+SFO+HO 5) B.b.+GLY+BA, 6) B.b.+GLY+BA+TW, 7) B.b.+SFO, 8) B.b.+GNO and 9) Control (B.b. alone) were carried out against the II and III instar larvae of H.armigera. The data on larval mortality was recorded at 5, 7 and 10 days after treatment (DAT). At 10 DAT all the formulations were significantly superior to control (B.b. alone) for the lethal effect. The formulation B.b.+ SFO + CMC registered significantly highest larval mortality of 90.00 and 83.33 per cent of II and III instar larvae of H.armigera, respectively. However, it was at par to the formulation B.b.+ GLY + HO recording 86.67 and 80.00 per cent mortality of II and III instar larvae of H.armigera, respectively. The control (B. b. alone) recorded lowest (63.33 and 53.33 %) mortality of the caterpillar.

Keywords

Beauveria bassiana, Adjuvants, Glycerol (GLY), Honey (HO), Sunflower Oil (SFO), Groundnut Oil (GNO), Tween 80 (TW), Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Boric Acid (BA).

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S. D. Patil ¹, R. S. Jadhav ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nasik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Entomology, AICRP on Soybean,Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on the effect of storage on viability of developed Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson 5 % WP formulation A(N₃₀S_1/1) and B(N₃₀T_1/2G_2/1H_1/1) (comprising adjuvants, fungus and kaolinite) and N.rileyi alone in kaolinite (control) on viability of the fungus are undertaken. At 10 DAI, surface coverage varied from 100 to 36.67, 100 to 33.33 and 100 to 0.0 per cent in formulation A, B and control, respectively from 0 to 300 days storage samples. The formulations A and B stored upto 150 days showed cent per cent surface coverage against the 71.70 per cent in control.Cfu count varied from 24.33 to 1.33x10⁸, 23.67 to 1.33x10⁸ and 23.33 to 0x10⁸cfu/ml in formulation A, B and control, respectively from 0 to 300 days storage. Formulation A and B maintained their superiority over the control viability of the inoculums, while formulation without adjuvants recorded decline in viability. The reduction in cfu was rapid from 270 to 300 days. Considering surface coverage (%), biomass produced and viability (cfu/g) the N.rileyi 5%WP formulation A, B and control could be stored upto 10, 10 and 7 months, respectively for maximum cfu count of 1x10⁸/g for WP formulations as per norms.

Keywords

Nomuraea rileyi, Adjuvants, Glycerol, Sunflower Oil, Tween 80, Honey, Colony Forming Unit.

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S. D. Patil ¹, R. S. Jadhav ²

Affiliations
1 Agricultural Research Station, Niphad, Nasik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Entomology, AICRP on Soybean,Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Studies on the effect of storage of developed Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin 5 per cent WP formulation A1(M₃₀S_1/1C_1/2) and B1(M₃₀S_1/1H_1/1) (comprising adjuvants, fungus and kaolinite) and M.anisopliae alone in kaolinite (control) on viability of the fungus are undertaken.At 10 DAI, surface coverage by the fungus varied from 100 to 45.0, 100 to 46.67 and 100 to 0.0 per cent in formulation A1, B1 and control, respectively, when stored for 0 to 300 days. The samples stored upto 150 days showed cent per cent surface coverage in formulation A1 and B1 except control. Significantly higher biomass (9.10 to10.03 g/40ml medium) was produced in samples of formulation A1 and B1 (8.77 to 10.07g) stored upto 210 days as compared to that (3.40g) in formulation A1 and B1 (3.70g) stored for 300 days. The biomass in control was 6.27g in fresh sample against no biomass in sample stored for 300 days. The viability varied from 31.33 to 5.33x10⁸, 30.67 to 6.33x10⁸and 30.67 to 0.0x10⁸cfu/ml in formulation A1, B1 and control, respectively, from 0 to 300 days storage. Considering surface coverage (%), biomass produced and viability (cfu/g) the M. anisopliae 5 pe cent WP formulation A1, B1 and control could be stored upto 10, 10 and 6 months, respectively for the minimum cfu count of 1x10⁸/g for WP formulations as per norms.

Keywords

Metarhizium anisopliae, Adjuvants, Formulation, Wettable Powder, Sunflower Oil, Honey, Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Colony Forming Unit.

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